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Characteristics
Morphology
Radiation-resistant, motile, coccus-shaped, gram-positive bacteria.
Disease

Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, wound infections, soft tissue infections, secondary meningitis, nosocomial infections.
Zoonosis
None.
Health Hazards
Host Range
Humans.
Modes of Transmission
Poses very little risk to healthy individuals. People who have weakened immune systems are at risk. Can be spread to susceptible persons by person-to-person contact with contaminated surfaces.
Signs and Symptoms 
Causes a variety of diseases ranging from pneumonia to serious blood or wound infections.
Infectious Dose unknown
Incubation Period 
unknown
Medical Precautions/Treatment
Prophylaxis None available.
Vaccines None available.
Treatment
Treatment with imipenem or meropenem, but a steady rise in carbapenem resistance has been reported. Consequently, treatment methods often fall on polymyxins, such as colistin.
Surveillance Monitor for symptoms.
MSU Requirements Report any exposures
Laboratory Hazards
Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAIs)
None have been reported.
 Sources
Aquatic environments, sputum, respiratory secretions, wounds, and urine. Cultures, frozen stocks, other samples described in IBC protocol.
Supplemental References
BMBL:
 https://www.cdc.gov/labs/BMBL.html
Canada PSDS:
CDC:
NIH Guidelines:
Risk Group & Containment Requirements
Risk Group 2

Agents that are associated with human disease which is rarely serious and for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available.
BSL2
For all procedures involving suspected or known infectious specimen or cultures.
ABSL2
For all procedures involving infected animals
Spill Procedures
Small
Notify others working in the lab. Remove PPE and don new PPE. Cover area of the spill with absorbent material and add fresh 1:10 bleach:water. Allow 20 munutes (or as directed) of contact time. After 20 minutes, cleanup and dispose of materials.
Large
  • Immediately notify all personnel in the lab and clear all personnel from the area. Remove any contaminated PPE/clothing and leave the lab. 
  • Secure the area by locking doors, posting signage and guarding the area to keep people out of the space. 
For assistance, contact MSU's Biosafety Officer (406-994-6733) or Safety and Risk Management (406-994-2711).
Exposure Procedures
Mucous membrane
Flush eyes, mouth, or nose for 5 minutes at eyewash station.
Other Exposures
Wash area with soap and water for 5 minutes.
Reporting
Immediately report incident to supervisor, complete a First Report of Injury form, and submit to Safety and Risk Management.
Medical Follow-up
During business hours: Bridger Occupational Health 3406 Laramie Drive. Weekdays 8am -6pm.  Weekends 9am-5pm
After business hours: Bozeman Deaconess Hospital Emergency Room 915 Highland Blvd Bozeman, MT
Viability
Disinfection
Susceptible to 1:10 bleach:water, 70 % ethanol, and 2 % formaldehyde, accelerated hydrogen peroxide
Inactivation
Inactivated by moist heat (60 minutes at 121oC) and dry heat (1 hour at 160-170oC), gamma irradiation.
Survival Outside Host
Survives in the environment for long periods of time.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Minimum PPE Requirements
Lab coat, disposable gloves, safety glasses, closed toed shoes, long pants
Additional Precautions
 Additioanl PPE may be required depending on lab specific SOPs and IBC Protocol.